European Muslim Turks “It is not easy to define the concept of identity. Though I wrote a book about this problem, I have not consumed the topic yet,” Amin Maalouf says.
Because of the easiness that exists in ideological preference and the habit of debating personality by hiding behind ideology, many in our country can instantly define identity. Those who do not develop views and try to conceptualize themselves through Western ideas and modernism, and those who consider all these as the opposite front, create marginal structures. For example, leftist circles used to refer to those with environmental sensitivities as the “bourgeoisie.” This unproductivity prevented a social-based movement such as the “Greens” from coming into being. The focal point and the only slogan of all ideologies is, “We will come to power and correct everything.” Don’t wonder how! Those saying, “I am not Turkish, I exist only with my Muslim identity,” those trying to show Turkey within the nationalist movement, those taking pride in their ethnicity and trying to eradicate all others… Europe is one of the few regions where nationalism is so strong. The German government launched a “You are Germany,” campaign a short time ago. Later, it turned out that this was Hitler’s slogan and the campaign dissolved quietly. The Netherlands was shaken by an unbelievable anti-Islam campaign in the wake of the Teo Van Gogh incident. Islam was almost equated with reactionism and murder. As Amin Maalouf says: “Kemalism united two concepts in Turkey which can easily remain separate in other countries: Nationalism and modernization. In the Arab world, for instance, these two concepts do not work together. Many countries hesitate to face issues such as racism, discrimination, colonialism, religion, past tragedies or think about them differently in their heads.” It wouldn’t be right to make a categorization that “the Netherlands is not an open culture.” These countries which have been receiving immigrants for 50 years and have been asking for immigrant workers recently, have begun to deal with ghettoization, immigrant cultures and adaptation. And they seem to have gotten bored pretty quickly. The Netherlands talks about assimilation rather than integration. The cultural and historical background is not mentioned at all. There are serious prejudices but there is no knowledge. The judgments are the basic materials that fill the ignorant void. It was assumed that immigrants in the Netherlands or France coming from the colonies had been assimilated. However, the recent incidents showed this was not true. There are some Moroccan artists who have been assimilated in the Netherlands but the Moroccans entirely live in ghettoes. People sit in the streets, chat and play cards. There is no other social circle. The streets of the region where they live are their socialization areas. How will they integrate? In a public opinion poll, a Moroccan was asked, “If your neighbor were white and you saw a burglar entering his house, would you call the police?” The Moroccan replied, “I wouldn’t. I belong to the Moroccan community.” However, the response to the same question by an elderly Anatolian man at the meeting we held with Milli Gorus (National Vision) was as follows: “A burglar is a burglar. He does not belong to us.” This is what I try to say when I talk about the understanding of Turkish Islam. The fact that the Anatolian worker favored justice and rightness, without even pondering, is a cultural perception. What is being demanded in the West? To be able to live together and to have faith in the justice system. We want to maintain our identity without rejecting the law and the state. The Turks are a community that does not assimilate. They live with their strong cultural identities. “The Turkish culture must be institutionalized in Europe,” Professor Faruk Sen says. This because the Turks practice cultural integration. Turkey has a culture that can hinder those who use radical Islam politically. December 6, 2005 Dear Nevval, I may largely confirm your comment on “identity”, it’s a difficult issue indeed as it is multi-layered. Accidentally, in a discussion with a French and an Italian friend, I also pointed to the quite different standing of Turks compared to the youth gangs in France – there were even voices in the German-speaking “Turkish Desparado”-szene who called the former an (North-) African rather than a French problem. These are of course not of the Islamist fraction like Mili Görüs, but quite nationalist. However my aim here is another one, somewhat more distantly related. I will recycle letters I wrote recently in an attempt to explain some traits of “European” identity and history. The reason behind that is that I observe a profoundly erroneous assessment of European reactions on the part of Turkish politicians and quite a few commentators. There is a kind of anthropological distance. Which does not mean that for instance our reactions to impositions are inborn genetically; or, if there is something inborn, it is with high probability so in all humans. But something is from the “deep” fraction of cultures: it is inborn in our languages. Such reactions, then, may be quite predictable once the mechanism or inner logic is understood. This may well become political when different nations or “cultures” try to meet a common political future, and I’m quite sure that this is the case with “TEUrkey”. Another point here is that you may miss quite essential things if you regard a “dialogue of cultures” as a “dialogue of religions”. It is not, or only partly, the same. I’m quite sure you know much better than most journalists that ethnicity is rooted deeper and in another way than religion (e.g., by language), except perhaps in Jews and Arabs, where both is believed to be largely one and the same. Heinrich Heine for instance, a German and a Jew simultaneously and for long an exilant in France, has pointed out that Germans are essentially what he called “pantheists” – and he was quite right not only with respect to Goethe, who was known as the “Great Pagan”. Even Goethe’s friend Herder, a Catholic priest, was. This is not a kind of religious creed, but a prerogative determining the modes of thinking and feeling. And I guess it is not a mere coincidence that, when it comes to Turkey, it is exactly the Bektashite mood that I feel is essentially the same, at least in some respect. In an interview with a Swedish-Turkish religion- or cultural scientist, Ilhan Ataseven if I’m not mistaken, a certain Turgut Baba voiced that “if Bektashism had prevailed, the European Union would have been entered long ago”. I do not think he was right, I firmly know, beyond all arguing, that he was. However, my targets are rather political. The annexes below are quite long together and I don’t expect you to read it. Perhaps you find anything interesting while skimming. I will give them titles relating to the main issue. The third part is a kind of explanation as to what never to do with respect to European public opinion, and why. There is a certain logic in the overall arrangement of the letters, but it is not strict. The only quotation relates to a work of Fatma Müge Göcek, and in case you don’t yet know it, I strongly recommend to read it. The second part of the second letter is largely an abstract of its results. Otherwise it’s easy to delete it. as ever Hans-Peter Dear Ms. Sevindi, I read your article “European Muslim Turks” in the Zaman newspaper online. I found the article very interesting and incisive, and thought I should share my thoughts with you regarding the subject. Turkey has been very successful in maintaining its indigenous culture and religion whilst accepting modernity and social change. This success is not only due to the secularism that pervades Turkish society, but also the character and temperament of the Turkish people. I am myself from the Kashmir region of India and am always struck by the similarities between the Kashmiri people and the Turkish people. Just as in Turkey, the people in Kashmir tend to be very secular: although they take religion seriously, they reject any attempt to politicise it. Ultimately, it is the way people think in Turkey that has allowed the country to stave off Islamic fundamentalism. However, the Turkish people should take pride in their culture, including its religious aspect, without feeling the need to imitate the West. I think they should look upon India, Japan and China as models: as countries that are now outstripping the West but which have nevertheless retained their cultural identity, indeed, they are now culturally invading the West!! Regards Aatif Ahmad PS: I am a law student in Oxford University, England, and am very interested in Turkish affairs.